mat4f.hpp

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/*
 * Author: Sven Gothel <sgothel@jausoft.com>
 * Copyright Gothel Software e.K.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 *
 * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the MIT License
 * If a copy of the MIT was not distributed with this file,
 * you can obtain one at https://opensource.org/license/mit/.
 */
 
#ifndef JAU_MATH_MAT4f_HPP_
#define JAU_MATH_MAT4f_HPP_
 
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cassert>
#include <limits>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <iostream>
 
#include <jau/debug.hpp>
#include <jau/float_math.hpp>
#include <jau/math/math_error.hpp>
#include <jau/math/vec3f.hpp>
#include <jau/math/vec4f.hpp>
#include <jau/math/recti.hpp>
#include <jau/math/fov_hv_halves.hpp>
#include <jau/int_types.hpp>
 
namespace jau::math::geom {
    class Frustum; // forward
}
 
namespace jau::math {
 
    /** \addtogroup Math
     *
     *  @{
     */
 
    template<typename Value_type,
             std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<Value_type>, bool>>
    class Quaternion; // forward
 
/**
 * Basic 4x4 value_type matrix implementation using fields for intensive use-cases (host operations).
 * <p>
 * Implementation covers {@link FloatUtil} matrix functionality, exposed in an object oriented manner.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Unlike {@link com.jogamp.math.util.PMVmat4f PMVmat4f}, this class only represents one single matrix.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * For array operations the layout is expected in column-major order
 * matching OpenGL's implementation, illustration:
 * <pre>
    Row-Major                       Column-Major (OpenGL):
 
        |  0   1   2  tx |
        |                |
        |  4   5   6  ty |
    M = |                |
        |  8   9  10  tz |
        |                |
        | 12  13  14  15 |
 
           R   C                      R   C
         m[0*4+3] = tx;             m[0+4*3] = tx;
         m[1*4+3] = ty;             m[1+4*3] = ty;
         m[2*4+3] = tz;             m[2+4*3] = tz;
 
          RC (std subscript order)   RC (std subscript order)
         m03 = tx;                  m03 = tx;
         m13 = ty;                  m13 = ty;
         m23 = tz;                  m23 = tz;
 
 * </pre>
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * <ul>
 *   <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html">Matrix-FAQ</a></li>
 *   <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_%28mathematics%29">Wikipedia-Matrix</a></li>
 *   <li><a href="http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/algebra/matrix/index.htm">euclideanspace.com-Matrix</a></li>
 * </ul>
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Implementation utilizes unrolling of small vertices and matrices wherever possible
 * while trying to access memory in a linear fashion for performance reasons, see:
 * <ul>
 *   <li><a href="https://lessthanoptimal.github.io/Java-Matrix-Benchmark/">java-matrix-benchmark</a></li>
 *   <li><a href="https://github.com/lessthanoptimal/ejml">EJML Efficient Java Matrix Library</a></li>
 * </ul>
 * </p>
 */
 
template<typename Value_type,
         std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<Value_type>, bool> = true>
class alignas(Value_type) Matrix4 {
  public:
    typedef Value_type               value_type;
    typedef value_type*              pointer;
    typedef const value_type*        const_pointer;
    typedef value_type&              reference;
    typedef const value_type&        const_reference;
    typedef value_type*              iterator;
    typedef const value_type*        const_iterator;
 
    typedef Vector3F<value_type, std::is_floating_point_v<Value_type>> Vec3;
    typedef Vector4F<value_type, std::is_floating_point_v<Value_type>> Vec4;
    typedef Ray3F<value_type, std::is_floating_point_v<Value_type>> Ray3;
 
    constexpr static const value_type zero = value_type(0);
    constexpr static const value_type one  = value_type(1);
    constexpr static const value_type two  = value_type(2);
    constexpr static const value_type half = one/two;
 
    /**
     * Inversion Epsilon, used with equals method to determine if two inverted matrices are close enough to be considered equal.
     * <p>
     * Using {@value}, which is ~84 times `std::numeric_limits<value_type>::epsilon()`.
     * </p>
     */
    constexpr static const value_type inv_deviation = value_type(84) * std::numeric_limits<value_type>::epsilon(); // 84 * EPSILON(1.1920929E-7f) = 1.0E-5f
 
  private:
    //     RC
    value_type m00, m10, m20, m30; // column 0
    value_type m01, m11, m21, m31; // column 1
    value_type m02, m12, m22, m32; // column 2
    value_type m03, m13, m23, m33; // column 3
 
    friend geom::Frustum;
    friend Quaternion<value_type, std::is_floating_point_v<Value_type>>;
 
  public:
 
    /**
     * Creates a new identity matrix.
     */
    constexpr Matrix4() noexcept
    : m00(one),  m10(zero), m20(zero), m30(zero),
      m01(zero), m11(one),  m21(zero), m31(zero),
      m02(zero), m12(zero), m22(one),  m32(zero),
      m03(zero), m13(zero), m23(zero), m33(one)
    { }
 
    /**
     * Creates a new matrix based on given value_type[4*4] column major order.
     * @param m 4x4 matrix in column-major order
     */
    constexpr Matrix4(const_iterator m) noexcept
    : m00(*m),     m10(*(++m)), m20(*(++m)), m30(*(++m)), // column 0
      m01(*(++m)), m11(*(++m)), m21(*(++m)), m31(*(++m)), // column 1
      m02(*(++m)), m12(*(++m)), m22(*(++m)), m32(*(++m)), // column 2
      m03(*(++m)), m13(*(++m)), m23(*(++m)), m33(*(++m))  // column 3
    {}
 
    /**
     * Creates a new matrix based on given value_type initializer list in column major order.
     * @param m source initializer list value_type data to be copied into this new instance, implied size must be >= 16
     */
    constexpr Matrix4(std::initializer_list<value_type> m) noexcept
    : Matrix4( m.begin() )
    {
        assert(m.size() >= 16 );
    }
 
    /**
     * Creates a new matrix copying the values of the given {@code src} matrix.
     */
    constexpr Matrix4(const Matrix4& o) noexcept
    : Matrix4( o.cbegin() )
    { }
 
    /**
     * Copy assignment using the the values of the given {@code src} matrix.
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& operator=(const Matrix4& o) noexcept { return load(o); }
 
    constexpr bool equals(const Matrix4& o, const value_type epsilon=std::numeric_limits<value_type>::epsilon()) const noexcept {
        if( this == &o ) {
            return true;
        } else {
            return jau::equals(m00, o.m00, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m01, o.m01, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m02, o.m02, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m03, o.m03, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m10, o.m10, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m11, o.m11, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m12, o.m12, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m13, o.m13, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m20, o.m20, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m21, o.m21, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m22, o.m22, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m23, o.m23, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m30, o.m30, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m31, o.m31, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m32, o.m32, epsilon) &&
                   jau::equals(m33, o.m33, epsilon);
        }
    }
    constexpr bool operator==(const Matrix4& rhs) const noexcept { return equals(rhs); }
 
    //
    // Write to Matrix via set(..) or load(..)
    //
 
    /**
     * Returns writable reference to the {@code i}th component of this column-major order matrix, 0 <= i < 16 w/o boundary check
     */
    constexpr reference operator[](size_t i) noexcept {
        assert( i < 16 );
        return (&m00)[i];
    }
 
    /** Sets the {@code i}th component of this column-major order matrix with value_type {@code v}, 0 <= i < 16 w/o boundary check*/
    constexpr void set(const jau::nsize_t i, const value_type v) noexcept {
        assert( i < 16 );
        (&m00)[i] = v;
    }
 
    explicit operator pointer() noexcept { return &m00; }
    constexpr iterator begin() noexcept { return &m00; }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to identity.
     * <pre>
      Translation matrix (Column Order):
      1 0 0 0
      0 1 0 0
      0 0 1 0
      0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& loadIdentity() noexcept {
       m00 = m11 = m22 = m33 = one;
       m01 = m02 = m03 =
       m10 = m12 = m13 =
       m20 = m21 = m23 =
       m30 = m31 = m32 = zero;
       return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Load the values of the given matrix {@code src} to this matrix w/o boundary check.
     * @param src 4x4 matrix value_type[16] in column-major order
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& load(const_iterator src) noexcept {
      // RC
        m00 = *src;     // column 0
        m10 = *(++src);
        m20 = *(++src);
        m30 = *(++src);
        m01 = *(++src); // column 1
        m11 = *(++src);
        m21 = *(++src);
        m31 = *(++src);
        m02 = *(++src); // column 2
        m12 = *(++src);
        m22 = *(++src);
        m32 = *(++src);
        m03 = *(++src); // column 3
        m13 = *(++src);
        m23 = *(++src);
        m33 = *(++src);
        return *this;
    }
    /**
     * Load the values of the given matrix {@code src} to this matrix w/o boundary check
     * @param src the source values
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& load(const Matrix4& src) noexcept {
        return load( src.cbegin() );
    }
 
    //
    // Read out Matrix via get(..)
    //
 
    /**
     * Returns read-only {@code i}th component of the given column-major order matrix, 0 <= i < 16 w/o boundary check
     */
    constexpr value_type operator[](size_t i) const noexcept {
        assert( i < 16 );
        return (&m00)[i];
    }
 
    /** Returns the {@code i}th component of the given column-major order matrix, 0 <= i < 16, w/o boundary check */
    constexpr value_type get(const jau::nsize_t i) const noexcept {
        assert( i < 16 );
        return (&m00)[i];
    }
 
    explicit operator const_pointer() const noexcept { return &m00; }
    constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept { return &m00; }
 
    /**
     * Get the named column of the given column-major matrix to v_out w/o boundary check.
     * @param column named column to copy
     * @param v_out the column-vector storage
     * @return given result vector <i>v_out</i> for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec4& getColumn(const jau::nsize_t column, Vec4& v_out) const noexcept {
        assert( column < 4 );
        return v_out.set( get(0+column*4),
                          get(1+column*4),
                          get(2+column*4),
                          get(3+column*4) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Get the named column of the given column-major matrix to v_out w/o boundary check.
     * @param column named column to copy
     * @return result vector holding the requested column
     */
    constexpr Vec4 getColumn(const jau::nsize_t column) const noexcept {
        assert( column < 4 );
        return Vec4( get(0+column*4),
                     get(1+column*4),
                     get(2+column*4),
                     get(3+column*4) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Get the named column of the given column-major matrix to v_out w/o boundary check.
     * @param column named column to copy
     * @param v_out the column-vector storage
     * @return given result vector <i>v_out</i> for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec3& getColumn(const jau::nsize_t column, Vec3& v_out) const noexcept {
        return v_out.set( get(0+column*4),
                          get(1+column*4),
                          get(2+column*4) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Get the named row of the given column-major matrix to v_out w/ boundary check.
     * @param row named row to copy
     * @param v_out the row-vector storage
     * @return given result vector <i>v_out</i> for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec4& getRow(const jau::nsize_t row, Vec4& v_out) const noexcept {
        using namespace jau::int_literals;
        return v_out.set( get( row + 0*4_unz),
                          get( row + 1*4_unz),
                          get( row + 2*4_unz),
                          get( row + 3*4_unz) );
    }
    /**
     * Get the named column of the given column-major matrix to v_out w/o boundary check.
     * @param row named row to copy
     * @return result vector holding the requested row
     */
    constexpr Vec4 getRow(const jau::nsize_t row) const noexcept {
        using namespace jau::int_literals;
        return Vec4( get(row+0*4_unz),
                     get(row+1*4_unz),
                     get(row+2*4_unz),
                     get(row+3*4_unz) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Get the named row of the given column-major matrix to v_out w/o boundary check.
     * @param row named row to copy
     * @param v_out the row-vector assert( i < 16 )e
     * @return given result vector <i>v_out</i> for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec3& getRow(const jau::nsize_t row, Vec3& v_out) const noexcept {
        using namespace jau::int_literals;
        assert( row <= 2 );
        return v_out.set( get(row+0*4_unz),
                          get(row+1*4_unz),
                          get(row+2*4_unz) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Get this matrix into the given value_type[16] array in column major order w/o boundary check.
     *
     * @param dst value_type[16] array storage in column major order
     * @return {@code dst} for chaining
     */
    constexpr iterator get(iterator dst) const noexcept {
        iterator dst_i = dst;
        *dst_i     = m00; // column 0
        *(++dst_i) = m10;
        *(++dst_i) = m20;
        *(++dst_i) = m30;
        *(++dst_i) = m01; // column 1
        *(++dst_i) = m11;
        *(++dst_i) = m21;
        *(++dst_i) = m31;
        *(++dst_i) = m02; // column 2
        *(++dst_i) = m12;
        *(++dst_i) = m22;
        *(++dst_i) = m32;
        *(++dst_i) = m03; // column 3
        *(++dst_i) = m13;
        *(++dst_i) = m23;
        *(++dst_i) = m33;
        return dst;
    }
 
    /**
     * Get this matrix into the given {@link FloatBuffer} in column major order.
     *
     * @param dst 4x4 matrix std::vector in column-major order starting at {@code dst_off}
     * @param dst_off offset for matrix {@code dst}
     * @return {@code dst} for chaining
     */
    constexpr std::vector<value_type>& get(std::vector<value_type>& dst, size_t dst_off) const noexcept {
        assert( dst.size() >= dst_off+16 && dst_off <= std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - 15 );
        get( &dst[dst_off++] );
        return dst;
    }
 
    //
    // Basic matrix operations
    //
 
    /**
     * Returns the determinant of this matrix
     * @return the matrix determinant
     */
    value_type determinant() const noexcept {
        value_type ret = 0;
        ret += m00 * ( + m11*(m22*m33 - m23*m32) - m12*(m21*m33 - m23*m31) + m13*(m21*m32 - m22*m31));
        ret -= m01 * ( + m10*(m22*m33 - m23*m32) - m12*(m20*m33 - m23*m30) + m13*(m20*m32 - m22*m30));
        ret += m02 * ( + m10*(m21*m33 - m23*m31) - m11*(m20*m33 - m23*m30) + m13*(m20*m31 - m21*m30));
        ret -= m03 * ( + m10*(m21*m32 - m22*m31) - m11*(m20*m32 - m22*m30) + m12*(m20*m31 - m21*m30));
        return ret;
    }
 
    /**
     * Transpose this matrix.
     *
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    Matrix4& transpose() noexcept {
        value_type tmp;
 
        tmp = m10;
        m10 = m01;
        m01 = tmp;
 
        tmp = m20;
        m20 = m02;
        m02 = tmp;
 
        tmp = m30;
        m30 = m03;
        m03 = tmp;
 
        tmp = m21;
        m21 = m12;
        m12 = tmp;
 
        tmp = m31;
        m31 = m13;
        m13 = tmp;
 
        tmp = m32;
        m32 = m23;
        m23 = tmp;
 
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Transpose the given {@code src} matrix into this matrix.
     *
     * @param src source 4x4 matrix
     * @return this matrix (result) for chaining
     */
    Matrix4& transpose(const Matrix4& src) noexcept {
        if( &src == this ) {
            return transpose();
        }
        m00 = src.m00;
        m10 = src.m01;
        m20 = src.m02;
        m30 = src.m03;
 
        m01 = src.m10;
        m11 = src.m11;
        m21 = src.m12;
        m31 = src.m13;
 
        m02 = src.m20;
        m12 = src.m21;
        m22 = src.m22;
        m32 = src.m23;
 
        m03 = src.m30;
        m13 = src.m31;
        m23 = src.m32;
        m33 = src.m33;
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Invert this matrix.
     * @return false if this matrix is singular and inversion not possible, otherwise true
     */
    bool invert() noexcept {
        const value_type amax = absMax();
        if( zero == amax ) {
            DBG_PRINT("Matrix4:invert: absMax==0: %s", toString().c_str());
            return false;
        }
        const value_type scale = one/amax;
        const value_type a00 = m00*scale;
        const value_type a10 = m10*scale;
        const value_type a20 = m20*scale;
        const value_type a30 = m30*scale;
 
        const value_type a01 = m01*scale;
        const value_type a11 = m11*scale;
        const value_type a21 = m21*scale;
        const value_type a31 = m31*scale;
 
        const value_type a02 = m02*scale;
        const value_type a12 = m12*scale;
        const value_type a22 = m22*scale;
        const value_type a32 = m32*scale;
 
        const value_type a03 = m03*scale;
        const value_type a13 = m13*scale;
        const value_type a23 = m23*scale;
        const value_type a33 = m33*scale;
 
        const value_type b00 = + a11*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a12*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) + a13*(a21*a32 - a22*a31);
        const value_type b01 = -( + a10*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a12*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a13*(a20*a32 - a22*a30));
        const value_type b02 = + a10*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) - a11*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a13*(a20*a31 - a21*a30);
        const value_type b03 = -( + a10*(a21*a32 - a22*a31) - a11*(a20*a32 - a22*a30) + a12*(a20*a31 - a21*a30));
 
        const value_type b10 = -( + a01*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a02*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) + a03*(a21*a32 - a22*a31));
        const value_type b11 = + a00*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a02*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a03*(a20*a32 - a22*a30);
        const value_type b12 = -( + a00*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) - a01*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a03*(a20*a31 - a21*a30));
        const value_type b13 = + a00*(a21*a32 - a22*a31) - a01*(a20*a32 - a22*a30) + a02*(a20*a31 - a21*a30);
 
        const value_type b20 = + a01*(a12*a33 - a13*a32) - a02*(a11*a33 - a13*a31) + a03*(a11*a32 - a12*a31);
        const value_type b21 = -( + a00*(a12*a33 - a13*a32) - a02*(a10*a33 - a13*a30) + a03*(a10*a32 - a12*a30));
        const value_type b22 = + a00*(a11*a33 - a13*a31) - a01*(a10*a33 - a13*a30) + a03*(a10*a31 - a11*a30);
        const value_type b23 = -( + a00*(a11*a32 - a12*a31) - a01*(a10*a32 - a12*a30) + a02*(a10*a31 - a11*a30));
 
        const value_type b30 = -( + a01*(a12*a23 - a13*a22) - a02*(a11*a23 - a13*a21) + a03*(a11*a22 - a12*a21));
        const value_type b31 = + a00*(a12*a23 - a13*a22) - a02*(a10*a23 - a13*a20) + a03*(a10*a22 - a12*a20);
        const value_type b32 = -( + a00*(a11*a23 - a13*a21) - a01*(a10*a23 - a13*a20) + a03*(a10*a21 - a11*a20));
        const value_type b33 = + a00*(a11*a22 - a12*a21) - a01*(a10*a22 - a12*a20) + a02*(a10*a21 - a11*a20);
 
        const value_type det = (a00*b00 + a01*b01 + a02*b02 + a03*b03) / scale;
        if( 0 == det ) {
            DBG_PRINT("Matrix4:invert: det==0: %s", toString().c_str());
            return false;
        }
        const value_type invdet = one / det;
 
        m00 = b00 * invdet;
        m10 = b01 * invdet;
        m20 = b02 * invdet;
        m30 = b03 * invdet;
 
        m01 = b10 * invdet;
        m11 = b11 * invdet;
        m21 = b12 * invdet;
        m31 = b13 * invdet;
 
        m02 = b20 * invdet;
        m12 = b21 * invdet;
        m22 = b22 * invdet;
        m32 = b23 * invdet;
 
        m03 = b30 * invdet;
        m13 = b31 * invdet;
        m23 = b32 * invdet;
        m33 = b33 * invdet;
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * Invert the {@code src} matrix values into this matrix
     * @param src the source matrix, which values are to be inverted
     * @return false if {@code src} matrix is singular and inversion not possible, otherwise true
     */
    bool invert(const Matrix4& src) noexcept {
        const value_type amax = src.absMax();
        if( zero == amax ) {
            DBG_PRINT("Matrix4:invert(src): absMax==0: %s", src.toString().c_str());
            return false;
        }
        const value_type scale = one/amax;
        const value_type a00 = src.m00*scale;
        const value_type a10 = src.m10*scale;
        const value_type a20 = src.m20*scale;
        const value_type a30 = src.m30*scale;
 
        const value_type a01 = src.m01*scale;
        const value_type a11 = src.m11*scale;
        const value_type a21 = src.m21*scale;
        const value_type a31 = src.m31*scale;
 
        const value_type a02 = src.m02*scale;
        const value_type a12 = src.m12*scale;
        const value_type a22 = src.m22*scale;
        const value_type a32 = src.m32*scale;
 
        const value_type a03 = src.m03*scale;
        const value_type a13 = src.m13*scale;
        const value_type a23 = src.m23*scale;
        const value_type a33 = src.m33*scale;
 
        const value_type b00 = + a11*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a12*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) + a13*(a21*a32 - a22*a31);
        const value_type b01 = -( + a10*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a12*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a13*(a20*a32 - a22*a30));
        const value_type b02 = + a10*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) - a11*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a13*(a20*a31 - a21*a30);
        const value_type b03 = -( + a10*(a21*a32 - a22*a31) - a11*(a20*a32 - a22*a30) + a12*(a20*a31 - a21*a30));
 
        const value_type b10 = -( + a01*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a02*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) + a03*(a21*a32 - a22*a31));
        const value_type b11 = + a00*(a22*a33 - a23*a32) - a02*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a03*(a20*a32 - a22*a30);
        const value_type b12 = -( + a00*(a21*a33 - a23*a31) - a01*(a20*a33 - a23*a30) + a03*(a20*a31 - a21*a30));
        const value_type b13 = + a00*(a21*a32 - a22*a31) - a01*(a20*a32 - a22*a30) + a02*(a20*a31 - a21*a30);
 
        const value_type b20 = + a01*(a12*a33 - a13*a32) - a02*(a11*a33 - a13*a31) + a03*(a11*a32 - a12*a31);
        const value_type b21 = -( + a00*(a12*a33 - a13*a32) - a02*(a10*a33 - a13*a30) + a03*(a10*a32 - a12*a30));
        const value_type b22 = + a00*(a11*a33 - a13*a31) - a01*(a10*a33 - a13*a30) + a03*(a10*a31 - a11*a30);
        const value_type b23 = -( + a00*(a11*a32 - a12*a31) - a01*(a10*a32 - a12*a30) + a02*(a10*a31 - a11*a30));
 
        const value_type b30 = -( + a01*(a12*a23 - a13*a22) - a02*(a11*a23 - a13*a21) + a03*(a11*a22 - a12*a21));
        const value_type b31 = + a00*(a12*a23 - a13*a22) - a02*(a10*a23 - a13*a20) + a03*(a10*a22 - a12*a20);
        const value_type b32 = -( + a00*(a11*a23 - a13*a21) - a01*(a10*a23 - a13*a20) + a03*(a10*a21 - a11*a20));
        const value_type b33 = + a00*(a11*a22 - a12*a21) - a01*(a10*a22 - a12*a20) + a02*(a10*a21 - a11*a20);
 
        const value_type det = (a00*b00 + a01*b01 + a02*b02 + a03*b03) / scale;
 
        if( 0 == det ) {
            DBG_PRINT("Matrix4:invert(src): det==0: %s", src.toString().c_str());
            return false;
        }
        const value_type invdet = one / det;
 
        m00 = b00 * invdet;
        m10 = b01 * invdet;
        m20 = b02 * invdet;
        m30 = b03 * invdet;
 
        m01 = b10 * invdet;
        m11 = b11 * invdet;
        m21 = b12 * invdet;
        m31 = b13 * invdet;
 
        m02 = b20 * invdet;
        m12 = b21 * invdet;
        m22 = b22 * invdet;
        m32 = b23 * invdet;
 
        m03 = b30 * invdet;
        m13 = b31 * invdet;
        m23 = b32 * invdet;
        m33 = b33 * invdet;
        return true;
    }
 
  private:
    /** Returns the maximum abs(mxy) field */
    value_type absMax() const noexcept {
        value_type max = std::abs(m00);
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m01));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m02));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m03));
 
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m10));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m11));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m12));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m13));
 
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m20));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m21));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m22));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m23));
 
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m30));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m31));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m32));
        max = std::max(max, std::abs(m33));
        return max;
    }
 
  public:
    /**
     * Multiply matrix with scalar: [this] = [this] x [s]
     * @param s a scalar
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& operator*=( const value_type s ) noexcept {
        m00 *= s; m10 *= s; m20 *= s; m30 *= s;
        m01 *= s; m11 *= s; m21 *= s; m31 *= s;
        m02 *= s; m12 *= s; m22 *= s; m32 *= s;
        m03 *= s; m13 *= s; m23 *= s; m33 *= s;
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Multiply matrix: [this] = [this] x [b]
     * @param b 4x4 matrix
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * @see #mul(mat4f, mat4f)
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& mul(const Matrix4& b) noexcept {
        // return mul(new mat4f(this), b); // <- roughly half speed
        value_type ai0=m00; // row-0, m[0+0*4]
        value_type ai1=m01;
        value_type ai2=m02;
        value_type ai3=m03;
        m00 = ai0 * b.m00  +  ai1 * b.m10  +  ai2 * b.m20  +  ai3 * b.m30 ;
        m01 = ai0 * b.m01  +  ai1 * b.m11  +  ai2 * b.m21  +  ai3 * b.m31 ;
        m02 = ai0 * b.m02  +  ai1 * b.m12  +  ai2 * b.m22  +  ai3 * b.m32 ;
        m03 = ai0 * b.m03  +  ai1 * b.m13  +  ai2 * b.m23  +  ai3 * b.m33 ;
 
        ai0=m10; //row-1, m[1+0*4]
        ai1=m11;
        ai2=m12;
        ai3=m13;
        m10 = ai0 * b.m00  +  ai1 * b.m10  +  ai2 * b.m20  +  ai3 * b.m30 ;
        m11 = ai0 * b.m01  +  ai1 * b.m11  +  ai2 * b.m21  +  ai3 * b.m31 ;
        m12 = ai0 * b.m02  +  ai1 * b.m12  +  ai2 * b.m22  +  ai3 * b.m32 ;
        m13 = ai0 * b.m03  +  ai1 * b.m13  +  ai2 * b.m23  +  ai3 * b.m33 ;
 
        ai0=m20; // row-2, m[2+0*4]
        ai1=m21;
        ai2=m22;
        ai3=m23;
        m20 = ai0 * b.m00  +  ai1 * b.m10  +  ai2 * b.m20  +  ai3 * b.m30 ;
        m21 = ai0 * b.m01  +  ai1 * b.m11  +  ai2 * b.m21  +  ai3 * b.m31 ;
        m22 = ai0 * b.m02  +  ai1 * b.m12  +  ai2 * b.m22  +  ai3 * b.m32 ;
        m23 = ai0 * b.m03  +  ai1 * b.m13  +  ai2 * b.m23  +  ai3 * b.m33 ;
 
        ai0=m30; // row-3, m[3+0*4]
        ai1=m31;
        ai2=m32;
        ai3=m33;
        m30 = ai0 * b.m00  +  ai1 * b.m10  +  ai2 * b.m20  +  ai3 * b.m30 ;
        m31 = ai0 * b.m01  +  ai1 * b.m11  +  ai2 * b.m21  +  ai3 * b.m31 ;
        m32 = ai0 * b.m02  +  ai1 * b.m12  +  ai2 * b.m22  +  ai3 * b.m32 ;
        m33 = ai0 * b.m03  +  ai1 * b.m13  +  ai2 * b.m23  +  ai3 * b.m33 ;
        return *this;
    }
    /**
     * Multiply matrix: [this] = [this] x [b]
     * @param b 4x4 matrix
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * @see #mul(mat4f, mat4f)
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& operator*=( const Matrix4& rhs ) noexcept {
        return mul( rhs );
    }
 
    /**
     * Multiply matrix: [this] = [a] x [b]
     * @param a 4x4 matrix, can't be this matrix
     * @param b 4x4 matrix, can't be this matrix
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * @see #mul(mat4f)
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& mul(const Matrix4& a, const Matrix4& b) noexcept {
        // row-0, m[0+0*4]
        m00 = a.m00 * b.m00  +  a.m01 * b.m10  +  a.m02 * b.m20  +  a.m03 * b.m30 ;
        m01 = a.m00 * b.m01  +  a.m01 * b.m11  +  a.m02 * b.m21  +  a.m03 * b.m31 ;
        m02 = a.m00 * b.m02  +  a.m01 * b.m12  +  a.m02 * b.m22  +  a.m03 * b.m32 ;
        m03 = a.m00 * b.m03  +  a.m01 * b.m13  +  a.m02 * b.m23  +  a.m03 * b.m33 ;
 
        //row-1, m[1+0*4]
        m10 = a.m10 * b.m00  +  a.m11 * b.m10  +  a.m12 * b.m20  +  a.m13 * b.m30 ;
        m11 = a.m10 * b.m01  +  a.m11 * b.m11  +  a.m12 * b.m21  +  a.m13 * b.m31 ;
        m12 = a.m10 * b.m02  +  a.m11 * b.m12  +  a.m12 * b.m22  +  a.m13 * b.m32 ;
        m13 = a.m10 * b.m03  +  a.m11 * b.m13  +  a.m12 * b.m23  +  a.m13 * b.m33 ;
 
        // row-2, m[2+0*4]
        m20 = a.m20 * b.m00  +  a.m21 * b.m10  +  a.m22 * b.m20  +  a.m23 * b.m30 ;
        m21 = a.m20 * b.m01  +  a.m21 * b.m11  +  a.m22 * b.m21  +  a.m23 * b.m31 ;
        m22 = a.m20 * b.m02  +  a.m21 * b.m12  +  a.m22 * b.m22  +  a.m23 * b.m32 ;
        m23 = a.m20 * b.m03  +  a.m21 * b.m13  +  a.m22 * b.m23  +  a.m23 * b.m33 ;
 
        // row-3, m[3+0*4]
        m30 = a.m30 * b.m00  +  a.m31 * b.m10  +  a.m32 * b.m20  +  a.m33 * b.m30 ;
        m31 = a.m30 * b.m01  +  a.m31 * b.m11  +  a.m32 * b.m21  +  a.m33 * b.m31 ;
        m32 = a.m30 * b.m02  +  a.m31 * b.m12  +  a.m32 * b.m22  +  a.m33 * b.m32 ;
        m33 = a.m30 * b.m03  +  a.m31 * b.m13  +  a.m32 * b.m23  +  a.m33 * b.m33 ;
 
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * @param v_in 4-component column-vector, can be v_out for in-place transformation
     * @param v_out this x v_in
     * @returns v_out for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec4& mulVec4(const Vec4& v_in, Vec4& v_out) const noexcept {
        // (one matrix row in column-major order) X (column vector)
        const value_type x = v_in.x, y = v_in.y, z = v_in.z, w = v_in.w;
        v_out.set( x * m00 + y * m01 + z * m02 + w * m03,
                   x * m10 + y * m11 + z * m12 + w * m13,
                   x * m20 + y * m21 + z * m22 + w * m23,
                   x * m30 + y * m31 + z * m32 + w * m33 );
        return v_out;
    }
 
    /**
     * Returns new Vec4, with this x v_in
     * @param v_in 4-component column-vector
     */
    constexpr Vec4 operator*(const Vec4& rhs) const noexcept {
        // (one matrix row in column-major order) X (column vector)
        const value_type x = rhs.x, y = rhs.y, z = rhs.z, w = rhs.w;
        return Vec4( x * m00 + y * m01 + z * m02 + w * m03,
                     x * m10 + y * m11 + z * m12 + w * m13,
                     x * m20 + y * m21 + z * m22 + w * m23,
                     x * m30 + y * m31 + z * m32 + w * m33 );
    }
 
    /**
     * @param v_inout 4-component column-vector input and output, i.e. in-place transformation
     * @returns v_inout for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec4& mulVec4(Vec4& v_inout) const noexcept {
        // (one matrix row in column-major order) X (column vector)
        const value_type x = v_inout.x, y = v_inout.y, z = v_inout.z, w = v_inout.w;
        v_inout.set( x * m00 + y * m01 + z * m02 + w * m03,
                     x * m10 + y * m11 + z * m12 + w * m13,
                     x * m20 + y * m21 + z * m22 + w * m23,
                     x * m30 + y * m31 + z * m32 + w * m33 );
        return v_inout;
    }
 
    /**
     * Affine 3f-vector transformation by 4x4 matrix
     *
     * 4x4 matrix multiplication with 3-component vector,
     * using {@code 1} for for {@code v_in.w} and dropping {@code v_out.w},
     * which shall be {@code 1}.
     *
     * @param v_in 3-component column-vector {@link vec3f}, can be v_out for in-place transformation
     * @param v_out m_in x v_in, 3-component column-vector {@link vec3f}
     * @returns v_out for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec3& mulVec3(const Vec3& v_in, Vec3& v_out) const noexcept {
        // (one matrix row in column-major order) X (column vector)
        const value_type x = v_in.x, y = v_in.y, z = v_in.z;
        v_out.set( x * m00 + y * m01 + z * m02 + one * m03,
                   x * m10 + y * m11 + z * m12 + one * m13,
                   x * m20 + y * m21 + z * m22 + one * m23 );
        return v_out;
    }
    /**
     * Returns new Vec3, with affine 3f-vector transformation by this 4x4 matrix: this x v_in
     *
     * 4x4 matrix multiplication with 3-component vector,
     * using {@code 1} for for {@code v_in.w} and dropping {@code v_out.w},
     * which shall be {@code 1}.
     *
     * @param v_in 3-component column-vector {@link vec3f}
     */
    constexpr Vec3 operator*(const Vec3& rhs) const noexcept {
        // (one matrix row in column-major order) X (column vector)
        const value_type x = rhs.x, y = rhs.y, z = rhs.z;
        return Vec3( x * m00 + y * m01 + z * m02 + one * m03,
                     x * m10 + y * m11 + z * m12 + one * m13,
                     x * m20 + y * m21 + z * m22 + one * m23 );
    }
 
    /**
     * Affine 3f-vector transformation by 4x4 matrix: v_inout = this * v_inout
     *
     * 4x4 matrix multiplication with 3-component vector,
     * using {@code 1} for for {@code v_inout.w} and dropping {@code v_inout.w},
     * which shall be {@code 1}.
     *
     * @param v_inout 3-component column-vector {@link vec3f} input and output, i.e. in-place transformation
     * @returns v_inout for chaining
     */
    constexpr Vec3& mulVec3(Vec3& v_inout) const noexcept {
        // (one matrix row in column-major order) X (column vector)
        const value_type x = v_inout.x, y = v_inout.y, z = v_inout.z;
        v_inout.set( x * m00 + y * m01 + z * m02 + one * m03,
                     x * m10 + y * m11 + z * m12 + one * m13,
                     x * m20 + y * m21 + z * m22 + one * m23 );
        return v_inout;
    }
 
    //
    // Matrix setTo...(), affine + basic
    //
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to translation.
     * <pre>
      Translation matrix (Column Order):
      1 0 0 0
      0 1 0 0
      0 0 1 0
      x y z 1
     * </pre>
     * @param x x-axis translate
     * @param y y-axis translate
     * @param z z-axis translate
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& setToTranslation(const value_type x, const value_type y, const value_type z) noexcept {
        m00 = m11 = m22 = m33 = one;
        m03 = x;
        m13 = y;
        m23 = z;
        m01 = m02 =
        m10 = m12 =
        m20 = m21 =
        m30 = m31 = m32 = zero;
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to translation.
     * <pre>
      Translation matrix (Column Order):
      1 0 0 0
      0 1 0 0
      0 0 1 0
      x y z 1
     * </pre>
     * @param t translate vec3f
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& setToTranslation(const Vec3& t) noexcept {
        return setToTranslation(t.x, t.y, t.z);
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to scale.
     * <pre>
      Scale matrix (Any Order):
      x 0 0 0
      0 y 0 0
      0 0 z 0
      0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * @param x x-axis scale
     * @param y y-axis scale
     * @param z z-axis scale
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& setToScale(const value_type x, const value_type y, const value_type z) noexcept {
        m33 = one;
        m00 = x;
        m11 = y;
        m22 = z;
        m01 = m02 = m03 =
        m10 = m12 = m13 =
        m20 = m21 = m23 =
        m30 = m31 = m32 = zero;
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to scale.
     * <pre>
      Scale matrix (Any Order):
      x 0 0 0
      0 y 0 0
      0 0 z 0
      0 0 0 1
     * </pre>
     * @param s scale vec3f
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& setToScale(const Vec3& s) noexcept {
        return setToScale(s.x, s.y, s.z);
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to rotation from the given axis and angle in radians.
     * <pre>
        Rotation matrix (Column Order):
        xx(1-c)+c  xy(1-c)+zs xz(1-c)-ys 0
        xy(1-c)-zs yy(1-c)+c  yz(1-c)+xs 0
        xz(1-c)+ys yz(1-c)-xs zz(1-c)+c  0
        0          0          0          1
     * </pre>
     * @see <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q38">Matrix-FAQ Q38</a>
     * @param ang_rad angle in radians
     * @param x x of rotation axis
     * @param y y of rotation axis
     * @param z z of rotation axis
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr_cxx26 Matrix4& setToRotationAxis(const value_type ang_rad, value_type x, value_type y, value_type z) noexcept {
        const value_type c = std::cos(ang_rad);
        const value_type ic= one - c;
        const value_type s = std::sin(ang_rad);
 
        Vec3 tmp(x, y, z); tmp.normalize();
        x = tmp.x; y = tmp.y; z = tmp.z;
 
        const value_type xy = x*y;
        const value_type xz = x*z;
        const value_type xs = x*s;
        const value_type ys = y*s;
        const value_type yz = y*z;
        const value_type zs = z*s;
        m00 = x*x*ic+c;
        m10 = xy*ic+zs;
        m20 = xz*ic-ys;
        m30 = zero;
 
        m01 = xy*ic-zs;
        m11 = y*y*ic+c;
        m21 = yz*ic+xs;
        m31 = zero;
 
        m02 = xz*ic+ys;
        m12 = yz*ic-xs;
        m22 = z*z*ic+c;
        m32 = zero;
 
        m03 = zero;
        m13 = zero;
        m23 = zero;
        m33 = one;
 
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to rotation from the given axis and angle in radians.
     * <pre>
        Rotation matrix (Column Order):
        xx(1-c)+c  xy(1-c)+zs xz(1-c)-ys 0
        xy(1-c)-zs yy(1-c)+c  yz(1-c)+xs 0
        xz(1-c)+ys yz(1-c)-xs zz(1-c)+c  0
        0          0          0          1
     * </pre>
     * @see <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q38">Matrix-FAQ Q38</a>
     * @param ang_rad angle in radians
     * @param axis rotation axis
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr_cxx26 Matrix4& setToRotationAxis(const value_type ang_rad, const Vec3& axis) noexcept {
        return setToRotationAxis(ang_rad, axis.x, axis.y, axis.z);
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to rotation from the given Euler rotation angles in radians.
     * <p>
     * The rotations are applied in the given order:
     * <ul>
     *  <li>y - heading</li>
     *  <li>z - attitude</li>
     *  <li>x - bank</li>
     * </ul>
     * </p>
     * @param bankX the Euler pitch angle in radians. (rotation about the X axis)
     * @param headingY the Euler yaw angle in radians. (rotation about the Y axis)
     * @param attitudeZ the Euler roll angle in radians. (rotation about the Z axis)
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * <p>
     * Implementation does not use Quaternion and hence is exposed to
     * <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q34">Gimbal-Lock</a>,
     * consider using Quaternion::toMatrix().
     * </p>
     * @see <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q36">Matrix-FAQ Q36</a>
     * @see <a href="http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/geometry/rotations/conversions/eulerToMatrix/index.htm">euclideanspace.com-eulerToMatrix</a>
     * @see Quaternion::toMatrix()
     */
    constexpr_cxx26 Matrix4& setToRotationEuler(const value_type bankX, const value_type headingY, const value_type attitudeZ) noexcept {
        // Assuming the angles are in radians.
        const value_type ch = std::cos(headingY);
        const value_type sh = std::sin(headingY);
        const value_type ca = std::cos(attitudeZ);
        const value_type sa = std::sin(attitudeZ);
        const value_type cb = std::cos(bankX);
        const value_type sb = std::sin(bankX);
 
        m00 =  ch*ca;
        m10 =  sa;
        m20 = -sh*ca;
        m30 =  zero;
 
        m01 =  sh*sb    - ch*sa*cb;
        m11 =  ca*cb;
        m21 =  sh*sa*cb + ch*sb;
        m31 =  zero;
 
        m02 =  ch*sa*sb + sh*cb;
        m12 = -ca*sb;
        m22 = -sh*sa*sb + ch*cb;
        m32 =  zero;
 
        m03 =  zero;
        m13 =  zero;
        m23 =  zero;
        m33 =  one;
 
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to rotation from the given Euler rotation angles in radians.
     * <p>
     * The rotations are applied in the given order:
     * <ul>
     *  <li>y - heading</li>
     *  <li>z - attitude</li>
     *  <li>x - bank</li>
     * </ul>
     * </p>
     * @param angradXYZ euler angle vector in radians holding x-bank, y-heading and z-attitude
     * @return this quaternion for chaining.
     * <p>
     * Implementation does not use Quaternion and hence is exposed to
     * <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q34">Gimbal-Lock</a>,
     * consider using Quaternion::toMatrix().
     * </p>
     * @see <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q36">Matrix-FAQ Q36</a>
     * @see <a href="http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/geometry/rotations/conversions/eulerToMatrix/index.htm">euclideanspace.com-eulerToMatrix</a>
     * @see Quaternion::toMatrix()
     */
    constexpr_cxx26 Matrix4& setToRotationEuler(const Vec3& angradXYZ) noexcept {
        return setToRotationEuler(angradXYZ.x, angradXYZ.y, angradXYZ.z);
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to orthogonal projection.
     * <pre>
      Ortho matrix (Column Order):
      2/dx  0     0    0
      0     2/dy  0    0
      0     0     2/dz 0
      tx    ty    tz   1
     * </pre>
     * @param left
     * @param right
     * @param bottom
     * @param top
     * @param zNear
     * @param zFar
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& setToOrtho(const value_type left, const value_type right,
                                  const value_type bottom, const value_type top,
                                  const value_type zNear, const value_type zFar) noexcept {
        {
            // m00 = m11 = m22 = m33 = one;
            m10 = m20 = m30 = zero;
            m01 = m21 = m31 = zero;
            m02 = m12 = m32 = zero;
            // m03 = m13 = m23 = zero;
        }
        const value_type dx=right-left;
        const value_type dy=top-bottom;
        const value_type dz=zFar-zNear;
        const value_type tx=-one*(right+left)/dx;
        const value_type ty=-one*(top+bottom)/dy;
        const value_type tz=-one*(zFar+zNear)/dz;
 
        m00 =  two/dx;
        m11 =  two/dy;
        m22 = -two/dz;
 
        m03 = tx;
        m13 = ty;
        m23 = tz;
        m33 = one;
 
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to frustum.
     * <pre>
      Frustum matrix (Column Order):
      2*zNear/dx   0          0   0
      0            2*zNear/dy 0   0
      A            B          C  -1
      0            0          D   0
     * </pre>
     * @param left
     * @param right
     * @param bottom
     * @param top
     * @param zNear
     * @param zFar
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code zNear <= 0} or {@code zFar <= zNear}
     *                                  or {@code left == right}, or {@code bottom == top}.
     */
    Matrix4& setToFrustum(const value_type left, const value_type right,
                          const value_type bottom, const value_type top,
                          const value_type zNear, const value_type zFar) {
        if( zNear <= zero || zFar <= zNear ) {
            throw jau::IllegalArgumentError("Requirements zNear > 0 and zFar > zNear, but zNear "+std::to_string(zNear)+", zFar "+std::to_string(zFar), E_FILE_LINE);
        }
        if( left == right || top == bottom) {
            throw jau::IllegalArgumentError("GL_INVALID_VALUE: top,bottom and left,right must not be equal", E_FILE_LINE);
        }
        {
            // m00 = m11 = m22 = m33 = 1f;
            m10 = m20 = m30 = zero;
            m01 = m21 = m31 = zero;
            m03 = m13 = zero;
        }
        const value_type zNear2 = two*zNear;
        const value_type dx=right-left;
        const value_type dy=top-bottom;
        const value_type dz=zFar-zNear;
        const value_type A=(right+left)/dx;
        const value_type B=(top+bottom)/dy;
        const value_type C=-one*(zFar+zNear)/dz;
        const value_type D=-two*(zFar*zNear)/dz;
 
        m00 = zNear2/dx;
        m11 = zNear2/dy;
 
        m02 = A;
        m12 = B;
        m22 = C;
        m32 = -one;
 
        m23 = D;
        m33 = zero;
 
        return *this;
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to perspective {@link #setToFrustum(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type) frustum} projection.
     *
     * @param fovy_rad angle in radians
     * @param aspect aspect ratio width / height
     * @param zNear
     * @param zFar
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code zNear <= 0} or {@code zFar <= zNear}
     * @see #setToFrustum(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type)
     */
    Matrix4& setToPerspective(const value_type fovy_rad, const value_type aspect, const value_type zNear, const value_type zFar) {
        const value_type top    =  std::tan(fovy_rad/two) * zNear; // use tangent of half-fov !
        const value_type bottom =  -one * top;    //          -1f * fovhvTan.top * zNear
        const value_type left   = aspect * bottom; // aspect * -1f * fovhvTan.top * zNear
        const value_type right  = aspect * top;    // aspect * fovhvTan.top * zNear
        return setToFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar);
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to perspective {@link #setToFrustum(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type) frustum} projection.
     *
     * @param fovhv {@link FovHVHalves} field of view in both directions, may not be centered, either in radians or tangent
     * @param zNear
     * @param zFar
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code zNear <= 0} or {@code zFar <= zNear}
     * @see #setToFrustum(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type)
     * @see Frustum#updateByFovDesc(mat4f, com.jogamp.math.geom.Frustum.FovDesc)
     */
    Matrix4& setToPerspective(const FovHVHalves& fovhv, const value_type zNear, const value_type zFar) {
        const FovHVHalves fovhvTan = fovhv.toTangents();  // use tangent of half-fov !
        const value_type top    =         fovhvTan.top    * zNear;
        const value_type bottom = -one * fovhvTan.bottom * zNear;
        const value_type left   = -one * fovhvTan.left   * zNear;
        const value_type right  =         fovhvTan.right  * zNear;
        return setToFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar);
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to the <i>look-at</i> matrix based on given parameters.
     * <p>
     * Consist out of two matrix multiplications:
     * <pre>
     *   <b>R</b> = <b>L</b> x <b>T</b>,
     *   with <b>L</b> for <i>look-at</i> matrix and
     *        <b>T</b> for eye translation.
     *
     *   Result <b>R</b> can be utilized for <i>projection or modelview</i> multiplication, i.e.
     *          <b>M</b> = <b>M</b> x <b>R</b>,
     *          with <b>M</b> being the <i>projection or modelview</i> matrix.
     * </pre>
     * </p>
     * @param eye 3 component eye vector
     * @param center 3 component center vector
     * @param up 3 component up vector
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& setToLookAt(const Vec3& eye, const Vec3& center, const Vec3& up) noexcept {
        // normalized forward!
        const Vec3 fwd = ( center - eye ).normalize();
 
        /* Side = forward x up, normalized */
        const Vec3 side = fwd.cross(up).normalize();
 
        /* Recompute up as: up = side x forward */
        const Vec3 up2 = side.cross(fwd);
 
        m00 = side.x;
        m10 = up2.x;
        m20 = -fwd.x;
        m30 = 0;
 
        m01 = side.y;
        m11 = up2.y;
        m21 = -fwd.y;
        m31 = 0;
 
        m02 = side.z;
        m12 = up2.z;
        m22 = -fwd.z;
        m32 = 0;
 
        m03 = 0;
        m13 = 0;
        m23 = 0;
        m33 = 1;
 
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToTranslation( -eye.x, -eye.y, -eye.z ) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Set this matrix to the <i>pick</i> matrix based on given parameters.
     * <p>
     * Traditional <code>gluPickMatrix</code> implementation.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Consist out of two matrix multiplications:
     * <pre>
     *   <b>R</b> = <b>T</b> x <b>S</b>,
     *   with <b>T</b> for viewport translation matrix and
     *        <b>S</b> for viewport scale matrix.
     *
     *   Result <b>R</b> can be utilized for <i>projection</i> multiplication, i.e.
     *          <b>P</b> = <b>P</b> x <b>R</b>,
     *          with <b>P</b> being the <i>projection</i> matrix.
     * </pre>
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * To effectively use the generated pick matrix for picking,
     * call {@link #setToPick(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type, Recti, mat4f) setToPick(..)}
     * and multiply a {@link #setToPerspective(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type) custom perspective matrix}
     * by this pick matrix. Then you may load the result onto the perspective matrix stack.
     * </p>
     * @param x the center x-component of a picking region in window coordinates
     * @param y the center y-component of a picking region in window coordinates
     * @param deltaX the width of the picking region in window coordinates.
     * @param deltaY the height of the picking region in window coordinates.
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @return true if successful or false if either delta value is <= zero.
     */
    constexpr bool setToPick(const value_type x, const value_type y, const value_type deltaX, const value_type deltaY,
                             const Recti& viewport) noexcept {
        if (deltaX <= 0 || deltaY <= 0) {
            return false;
        }
        /* Translate and scale the picked region to the entire window */
        setToTranslation( ( viewport.width()  - two * ( x - viewport.x() ) ) / deltaX,
                          ( viewport.height() - two * ( y - viewport.y() ) ) / deltaY,
                          0);
        Matrix4 mat4Tmp;
        mat4Tmp.setToScale( viewport.width() / deltaX, viewport.height() / deltaY, one );
        mul(mat4Tmp);
        return true;
    }
 
    //
    // Matrix affine operations using setTo..()
    //
 
    /**
     * Rotate this matrix about give axis and angle in radians, i.e. multiply by {@link #setToRotationAxis(value_type, value_type, value_type, value_type) axis-rotation matrix}.
     * @see <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q38">Matrix-FAQ Q38</a>
     * @param angrad angle in radians
     * @param x x of rotation axis
     * @param y y of rotation axis
     * @param z z of rotation axis
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr_cxx26 Matrix4& rotate(const value_type ang_rad, const value_type x, const value_type y, const value_type z) noexcept {
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToRotationAxis(ang_rad, x, y, z) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Rotate this matrix about give axis and angle in radians, i.e. multiply by {@link #setToRotationAxis(value_type, vec3f) axis-rotation matrix}.
     * @see <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041029003853/http://www.j3d.org/matrix_faq/matrfaq_latest.html#Q38">Matrix-FAQ Q38</a>
     * @param angrad angle in radians
     * @param axis rotation axis
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr_cxx26 Matrix4& rotate(const value_type ang_rad, const Vec3& axis) noexcept {
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToRotationAxis(ang_rad, axis) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Translate this matrix, i.e. multiply by {@link #setToTranslation(value_type, value_type, value_type) translation matrix}.
     * @param x x translation
     * @param y y translation
     * @param z z translation
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& translate(const value_type x, const value_type y, const value_type z) noexcept {
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToTranslation(x, y, z) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Translate this matrix, i.e. multiply by {@link #setToTranslation(vec3f) translation matrix}.
     * @param t translation vec3f
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& translate(const Vec3& t) noexcept {
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToTranslation(t) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Scale this matrix, i.e. multiply by {@link #setToScale(value_type, value_type, value_type) scale matrix}.
     * @param x x scale
     * @param y y scale
     * @param z z scale
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& scale(const value_type x, const value_type y, const value_type z) noexcept {
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToScale(x, y, z) );
    }
 
    /**
     * Scale this matrix, i.e. multiply by {@link #setToScale(value_type, value_type, value_type) scale matrix}.
     * @param s scale for x-, y- and z-axis
     * @return this matrix for chaining
     */
    constexpr Matrix4& scale(const value_type s) noexcept {
        Matrix4 tmp;
        return mul( tmp.setToScale(s, s, s) );
    }
 
    //
    // Static multi Matrix ops
    //
 
    /**
     * Map object coordinates to window coordinates.
     *
     * Traditional <code>gluProject</code> implementation.
     *
     * @param obj object position, 3 component vector
     * @param mPMv [projection] x [modelview] matrix, i.e. P x Mv
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param winPos 3 component window coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (z is 1)
     */
    static bool mapObjToWin(const Vec3& obj, const Matrix4& mPMv,
                            const Recti& viewport, Vec3& winPos) noexcept
    {
        // rawWin = P * Mv * o = PMv * o
        Vec4 rawWin = mPMv * Vec4(obj, one);
        return mapToWinImpl(rawWin, viewport, winPos);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map object coordinates to window coordinates.
     *
     * Traditional <code>gluProject</code> implementation.
     *
     * @param obj object position, 3 component vector
     * @param mMv modelview matrix
     * @param mP projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param winPos 3 component window coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (z is 1)
     */
    static bool mapObjToWin(const Vec3& obj, const Matrix4& mMv, const Matrix4& mP,
                            const Recti& viewport, Vec3& winPos) noexcept
    {
        Vec4 rawWin = mP * mMv * Vec4(obj, one);
        return mapToWinImpl(rawWin, viewport, winPos);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map world coordinates ( M x object ) to window coordinates.
     *
     * @param world world position, 3 component vector
     * @param mV view matrix
     * @param mP projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param winPos 3 component window coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (z is 1)
     */
    static bool mapWorldToWin(const Vec3& world, const Matrix4& mV, const Matrix4& mP,
                              const Recti& viewport, Vec3& winPos) noexcept
    {
        Vec4 rawWin = mP * mV * Vec4(world, one);
        return mapToWinImpl(rawWin, viewport, winPos);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map view coordinates ( Mv x object ) to window coordinates.
     *
     * @param view view position, 3 component vector
     * @param mP projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param winPos 3 component window coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (z is 1)
     */
    static bool mapViewToWin(const Vec3& view, const Matrix4& mP,
                              const Recti& viewport, Vec3& winPos) noexcept
    {
        Vec4 rawWin = mP * Vec4(view, one);
        return mapToWinImpl(rawWin, viewport, winPos);
    }
 
  private:
    static bool mapToWinImpl(Vec4& rawWin,
                             const Recti& viewport, Vec3& winPos) noexcept
    {
        if ( zero == rawWin.w ) {
            return false;
        }
 
        const value_type s = ( one / rawWin.w ) * half;
 
        // Map x, y and z to range 0-1 (w is ignored)
        rawWin.scale(s).add(half, half, half, zero);
 
        // Map x,y to viewport
        winPos.set( rawWin.x * viewport.width() +  viewport.x(),
                    rawWin.y * viewport.height() + viewport.y(),
                    rawWin.z );
 
        return true;
    }
 
  public:
    /**
     * Map window coordinates to object coordinates.
     *
     * Traditional <code>gluUnProject</code> implementation.
     *
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz
     * @param mMv 4x4 modelview matrix
     * @param mP 4x4 projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param objPos 3 component object coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (failed to invert matrix, or becomes infinity due to zero z)
     */
    static bool mapWinToObj(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz,
                            const Matrix4& mMv, const Matrix4& mP,
                            const Recti& viewport,
                            Vec3& objPos) noexcept
    {
        // invPMv = Inv(P x Mv)
        Matrix4 invPMv;
        invPMv.mul(mP, mMv);
        if( !invPMv.invert() ) {
            return false;
        }
        return mapWinToAny(winx, winy, winz, invPMv, viewport, objPos);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map window coordinates to view coordinates.
     *
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz
     * @param mP 4x4 projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param viewPos 3 component view coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (failed to invert matrix, or becomes infinity due to zero z)
     */
    static bool mapWinToView(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz,
                              const Matrix4& mP,
                              const Recti& viewport,
                              Vec3& viewPos) noexcept
    {
        // invP = Inv(P)
        Matrix4 invP;
        if( !invP.invert(mP) ) {
            return false;
        }
        return mapWinToAny(winx, winy, winz, invP, viewport, viewPos);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map window coordinates to object, world or view coordinates, depending on `invAny` argument.
     *
     * Traditional <code>gluUnProject</code> implementation.
     *
     * `invAny` maybe set as follows for
     * - to object: inverse(P x Mv) = `([projection] x [modelview])'`
     * - to  world: inverse(P x V)  = `([projection] x [view])'`
     * - to   view: inverse(P)      = `[projection]'`
     *
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz
     * @param invAny inverse matrix, either Inv(P x Mv) to object, Inv(P x V) to world or
                     Inv(P) `[projection]'` to view
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param objPos 3 component object coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (can't invert matrix, or becomes infinity due to zero z)
     */
    static bool mapWinToAny(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz,
                            const Matrix4& invAny,
                            const Recti& viewport,
                            Vec3& objPos) noexcept
    {
        Vec4 winPos(winx, winy, winz, one);
 
        // Map x and y from window coordinates
        winPos.add(-viewport.x(), -viewport.y(), zero, zero).mul(one/viewport.width(), one/viewport.height(), one, one);
 
        // Map to range -1 to 1
        winPos.mul(two, two, two, one).add(-one, -one, -one, zero);
 
        // rawObjPos = Inv(P x Mv) *  winPos
        Vec4 rawObjPos = invAny * winPos;
 
        if ( zero == rawObjPos.w ) {
            return false;
        }
 
        rawObjPos.scale(one / rawObjPos.w).getVec3(objPos);
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * Map two window coordinates to two to object, world or view coordinates, depending on `invAny` argument.
     *
     * Both coordinates are distinguished by their z component.
     *
     * Traditional <code>gluUnProject</code> implementation.
     *
     * `invAny` maybe set as follows for
     * - to object: inverse(P x Mv) = `([projection] x [modelview])'`
     * - to  world: inverse(P x V)  = `([projection] x [view])'`
     * - to   view: inverse(P)      = `[projection]'`
     *
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz1
     * @param winz2
     * @param invAny inverse matrix, either Inv(P x Mv) to object, Inv(P x V) to world or
                     Inv(P) `[projection]'` to view
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport vector
     * @param objPos1 3 component object coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (can't invert matrix, or becomes infinity due to zero z)
     */
    static bool mapWinToAny(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz1, const value_type winz2,
                            const Matrix4& invAny,
                            const Recti& viewport,
                            Vec3& objPos1, Vec3& objPos2) noexcept
    {
        Vec4 winPos(winx, winy, winz1, one);
 
        // Map x and y from window coordinates
        winPos.add(-viewport.x(), -viewport.y(), zero, zero).mul(one/viewport.width(), one/viewport.height(), one, one);
 
        // Map to range -1 to 1
        winPos.mul(two, two, two, one).add(-one, -one, -one, zero);
 
        // rawObjPos = Inv(P x Mv) x  winPos1
        Vec4 rawObjPos = invAny * winPos;
 
        if ( zero == rawObjPos.w ) {
            return false;
        }
        rawObjPos.scale(one / rawObjPos.w).getVec3(objPos1);
 
        //
        // winz2
        //
        // Map Z to range -1 to 1
        winPos.z = winz2 * two - one;
 
        // rawObjPos = Inv(P x Mv) x  winPos2
        invAny.mulVec4(winPos, rawObjPos);
 
        if ( zero == rawObjPos.w ) {
            return false;
        }
        rawObjPos.scale(one / rawObjPos.w).getVec3(objPos2);
 
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * Map window coordinates to object coordinates.
     *
     * Traditional <code>gluUnProject4</code> implementation.
     *
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz
     * @param clipw
     * @param mMv 4x4 modelview matrix
     * @param mP 4x4 projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport vector
     * @param near
     * @param far
     * @param obj_pos 4 component object coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (failed to invert matrix, or becomes infinity due to zero z)
     */
    static bool mapWinToObj4(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz, const value_type clipw,
                             const Matrix4& mMv, const Matrix4& mP,
                             const Recti& viewport,
                             const value_type near, const value_type far,
                             Vec4& objPos) noexcept
    {
        // invPMv = Inv(P x Mv)
        Matrix4 invPMv;
        invPMv.mul(mP, mMv);
        if( !invPMv.invert() ) {
            return false;
        }
        return mapWinToObj4(winx, winy, winz, clipw,
                            invPMv, viewport, near, far, objPos);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map window coordinates to object coordinates.
     * <p>
     * Traditional <code>gluUnProject4</code> implementation.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz
     * @param clipw
     * @param invPMv inverse [projection] x [modelview] matrix, i.e. Inv(P x Mv), if null method returns false
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport vector
     * @param near
     * @param far
     * @param obj_pos 4 component object coordinate, the result
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (null invert matrix, or becomes infinity due to zero z)
     */
    static bool mapWinToObj4(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz, const value_type clipw,
                             const Matrix4& invPMv,
                             const Recti& viewport,
                             const value_type near, const value_type far,
                             Vec4& objPos) noexcept
    {
        Vec4 winPos(winx, winy, winz, clipw);
 
        // Map x and y from window coordinates
        winPos.add(-viewport.x(), -viewport.y(), -near, zero).mul(one/viewport.width(), one/viewport.height(), one/(far-near), one);
 
        // Map to range -1 to 1
        winPos.mul(two, two, two, one).add(-one, -one, -one, zero);
 
        // objPos = Inv(P x Mv) x  winPos
        invPMv.mulVec4(winPos, objPos);
 
        if ( zero == objPos.w ) {
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * Map two window coordinates w/ shared X/Y and distinctive Z
     * to a {@link Ray} in object space.
     *
     * The resulting {@link Ray} maybe used for <i>picking</i>
     * using a {@link AABBox#getRayIntersection(vec3f, Ray, value_type, boolean)}
     * of a shape also in object space.
     *
     * Notes for picking <i>winz0</i> and <i>winz1</i>:
     * - see jau::math::util::getZBufferEpsilon()
     * - see jau::math::util::getZBufferValue()
     * - see jau::math::util::getOrthoWinZ()
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz0
     * @param winz1
     * @param mMv 4x4 modelview matrix
     * @param mP 4x4 projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param ray storage for the resulting {@link Ray} in object space
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (failed to invert matrix, or becomes z is infinity)
     */
    static bool mapWinToObjRay(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz0, const value_type winz1,
                               const Matrix4& mMv, const Matrix4& mP,
                               const Recti& viewport,
                               Ray3& ray) noexcept
    {
        // invPMv = Inv(P x Mv)
        Matrix4 invPMv;
        invPMv.mul(mP, mMv);
        if( !invPMv.invert() ) {
            return false;
        }
        return mapWinToAnyRay(winx, winy, winz0, winz1, invPMv, viewport, ray);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map two window coordinates w/ shared X/Y and distinctive Z
     * to a {@link Ray} in view space.
     *
     * The resulting {@link Ray} maybe used for <i>picking</i>
     * using a {@link AABBox#getRayIntersection(vec3f, Ray, value_type, boolean)}
     * of a shape also in view space.
     *
     * Notes for picking <i>winz0</i> and <i>winz1</i>:
     * - see jau::math::util::getZBufferEpsilon()
     * - see jau::math::util::getZBufferValue()
     * - see jau::math::util::getOrthoWinZ()
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz0
     * @param winz1
     * @param mMv 4x4 modelview matrix
     * @param mP 4x4 projection matrix
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param ray storage for the resulting {@link Ray} in view space
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (failed to invert matrix, or becomes z is infinity)
     */
    static bool mapWinToViewRay(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz0, const value_type winz1,
                                 const Matrix4& mP,
                                 const Recti& viewport,
                                 Ray3& ray) noexcept
    {
        // invP = Inv(P)
        Matrix4 invP;
        if( !invP.invert(mP) ) {
            return false;
        }
        return mapWinToAnyRay(winx, winy, winz0, winz1, invP, viewport, ray);
    }
 
    /**
     * Map two window coordinates w/ shared X/Y and distinctive Z
     * to a {@link Ray} in object, world or view coordinates, depending on `invAny` argument.
     *
     * The resulting {@link Ray} maybe used for <i>picking</i>
     * using a {@link AABBox#getRayIntersection(vec3f, Ray, value_type, boolean)}
     * of a shape also in object, world or view space, see `invAny`.
     *
     * `invAny` maybe set as follows for
     * - to object: inverse(P x Mv) = `([projection] x [modelview])'`
     * - to  world: inverse(P x V)  = `([projection] x [view])'`
     * - to   view: inverse(P)      = `[projection]'`
     *
     * Notes for picking <i>winz0</i> and <i>winz1</i>:
     * - see jau::math::util::getZBufferEpsilon()
     * - see jau::math::util::getZBufferValue()
     * - see jau::math::util::getOrthoWinZ()
     * @param winx
     * @param winy
     * @param winz0
     * @param winz1
     * @param invAny inverse matrix, either Inv(P x Mv) to object, Inv(P x V) to world or
                     Inv(P) `[projection]'` to view
     * @param viewport Rect4i viewport
     * @param ray storage for the resulting {@link Ray} in object space
     * @return true if successful, otherwise false (failed invert matrix, or becomes z is infinity)
     */
    static bool mapWinToAnyRay(const value_type winx, const value_type winy, const value_type winz0, const value_type winz1,
                               const Matrix4& invAny,
                               const Recti& viewport,
                               Ray3& ray) noexcept
    {
        if( mapWinToAny(winx, winy, winz0, winz1, invAny, viewport, ray.orig, ray.dir) ) {
            (ray.dir -= ray.orig).normalize();
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Returns a formatted string representation of this matrix
     * @param rowPrefix prefix for each row
     * @param f format string for each value_type element, e.g. "%10.5f"
     */
    std::string toString(const std::string& rowPrefix, const std::string& f) const noexcept {
        std::string sb;
        value_type tmp[16];
        get(tmp);
        return jau::mat_to_string(sb, rowPrefix, f, tmp, 4, 4, false /* rowMajorOrder */); // creates a copy-out!
    }
 
    /**
     * Returns a formatted string representation of this matrix
     * @param rowPrefix prefix for each row
     */
    std::string toString(const std::string& rowPrefix) const noexcept { return toString(rowPrefix, "%13.9f"); }
 
    std::string toString() const noexcept { return toString("", "%13.9f"); }
};
 
template<typename T,
         std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, bool> = true>
constexpr Matrix4<T> operator*(const Matrix4<T>& lhs, const Matrix4<T>& rhs ) noexcept {
    Matrix4<T> r(lhs); r.mul(rhs); return r;
}
 
template<typename T,
         std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, bool> = true>
constexpr Matrix4<T> operator*(const Matrix4<T>& lhs, const T s ) noexcept {
    Matrix4<T> r(lhs); r *= s; return r;
}
 
template<typename T,
         std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, bool> = true>
constexpr Matrix4<T> operator*(const T s, const Matrix4<T>& rhs) noexcept {
    Matrix4<T> r(rhs); r *= s; return r;
}
 
template<typename T,
         std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, bool> = true>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Matrix4<T>& v) noexcept {
    return out << v.toString();
}
 
typedef Matrix4<float> Mat4f;
 
static_assert(alignof(float) == alignof(Mat4f));
static_assert(sizeof(float)*16 == sizeof(Mat4f));
 
/**@}*/
 
} // namespace jau::math
 
#endif // JAU_MATH_MAT4f_HPP_